In the past, the city had built a special water supply system, consisting of the canal Volga-Moscow and several water reservoirs.  The 128-kilometer canal now conveys water from the Volga to the Moscow River, using five pump stations for the process, and also serves to take vessels from one point to the other.

But now, many factories, mills and works have been built in Moscow.  Ten million people live in the city.  They all require water.

Fortunately, water renovation and reuse has become an attractive alternative to the high cost of moving water from far-away rivers or the creation of new water reservoirs near the Volga.  Closed systems of water circulation, such as the reuse of water from Moscow's electrical power stations, have been used extensively.

In addition to the electric power business, the closed system reuse of treated wastewater is used in such industries as petroleum, chemicals, iron and steel works, non-ferrous metallurgical engineering, automobiles, wood and paper plants, medical and biological industries, and many more.  In these applications, water science is improving.  For example, two algorithms for the control of sludge accumulation in closed systems of water circulation and the optimum control of filtration in water reuse have been created.  One of them allows a decrease (of 10 to 25 percent) in the energy needed to filter reused water.

Unfortunately, as Russia's economy has failed, we have seen new difficulties arise in terms of water reuse.  Among them is the fact that no one in Moscow pays for water at its real price.  This is preventing an increase in the use of the reused water.

The city of Moscow's government has taken control of the conditions of water reuse in the city.  We hope it may become the economic mechanism that will control water reuse in the future as well.  Since Moscow is growing, it has no choice but to recycle.  It is the solution to Moscow's water problem.